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John Foot is Professor of Modern Italian History, Department of Italian, University College London, London, England. Author of Milan since the Miracle: City, Culture and Identity and others.

Mussolini How Did He Die

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The Return Of Fascism In Italy

Working in various Swiss labor organizations, Benito Mussolini had a charismatic personality and impeccable rhetoric. After returning to Italy, he gathered a large following while working as an editor for a socialist magazine

. His political beliefs turned to the right in the middle of World War I, when he stopped denouncing the war effort and started supporting it. It started to be organized after the World War

—Nationalist paramilitary forces known for wearing black shirts. These groups began to carry out campaigns of terrorism and intimidation against Italian left-wing organizations at his behest. In 1922 Mussolini and other fascist leaders organized a march on Rome, with the aim of forcing the king to give Mussolini the government. It worked, and Mussolini was named Prime Minister that same year. By 1925 Mussolini had dismantled Italy’s democratic institutions and taken over as its dictator, taking the title Il Duce (“The Leader”).

Benito Mussolini was the first fascist dictator in Europe. But Mussolini’s political orientation was not always like this. His father was an ardent socialist who worked part-time as a journalist for left-wing publications. In his early forays into politics, Mussolini’s beliefs took after his father’s: he spent time organizing with trade unions and writing for socialist publications in both Switzerland and Italy. Mussolini’s politics shifted to the right in the middle of World War I, when he became a driving force behind the war effort. During this period, and after, the nationalist and anti-Bolshevik mindsets that would characterize his later politics began to emerge. These policies included issues of racial supremacy, xenophobia, and imperialism that defined his actions as a dictator.

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, which was a series of wooden sticks topped with an ax head that the attendants of ancient Roman rulers would carry to distinguish their rank.

Benito Mussolini was the less dominant half of the Rome-Berlin axis, formalized by the 1939 Pact of Steel between himself and Adolf Hitler. World War II broke out between Germany and the rest of Europe that year, but Italy—whose resources were already depleted by economic problems and Mussolini’s conquest of Ethiopia in 1935—was reluctant to join. Concerned that Hitler would lose his claim to the conquered European territories as he advanced, Mussolini entered the war in 1940. Italy fared badly from the start, with crushing defeats in North Africa, Greece and the Soviet Union. When the Allies touched down in Sicily in 1943, Mussolini’s government arrested him.

Benito Mussolini was born into a poor family in Predappio, a town in northeastern Italy. His father was a blacksmith who wrote part-time as a socialist journalist, and his mother was a staunch Catholic teacher. As an adult, Benito Mussolini would have two wives and many mistresses. He had a child with his first wife, Ida Dalser, but eventually abandoned her and tried to hide them from the public eye. He would have five children – three boys and two girls – by another wife, Rachele Guidi. However, he died along with his long-time mistress Clara Petacci. Both were executed in 1943 by Italian partisans while trying to escape to Switzerland, and their bodies were hanged upside down in Milan.

Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, aka Il Duce (Italian: “The Leader”), (Predappio, Italy, 29 July 1883 – near Dongo, died 28 April 1945), Prime Minister of Italy (1922–43). ) and the first of the European fascist dictators of the 20th century.

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Mussolini was the first child of a local blacksmith. In later years he was proud of his humble origins and often referred to himself as a “townsman”. Mussolini’s family was, in fact, more modest than he said – his father, a socialist journalist and blacksmith, was the son of a lieutenant in the National Guard, and his mother was a school teacher – but Mussolini’s. they were certainly poor. They lived in two crowded rooms on the second floor of a small, decrepit mansion; and, since Mussolini’s father spent most of his money discussing politics in bars and talking about his mistress, the meals his three children ate were often meager.

A restless child, Mussolini was disobedient, regular and aggressive. He was a bully at school and funny at home. As the teachers of the village school could not control him, he was sent to the board under the strict orders of the Salesians of Faenza, where he was more troublesome than ever, stabbing a classmate with a knife and attacking a Salesian who tried. to win it. He was expelled and sent to the Giosuè Carducci school in Forlimpopoli, from which he was also expelled after attacking another student with his knife.

He was also intelligent, and passed his final exams without difficulty. He obtained a master’s degree and worked as a schoolmaster for a while but soon realized that he was completely unsuited for such work. At the age of 19, a young man with a strong, pale jaw and dark, haunting eyes, he left Italy for Switzerland with a nickel medallion of Karl Marx in his empty pockets. In the following months, he says, he lived from day to day, jumping from one job to another.

At the same time, however, he was gaining a reputation as a young man of rare magnetism and remarkable rhetorical gifts. He read widely and enthusiastically, if not deeply, Immanuel Kant, Benedict de Spinoza, Peter Kropotkin, Friedrich Nietzsche, G.W.F. delving into philosophers and theorists. Hegel, Karl Kautsky and Georges Sorel, selecting what appealed to them and rejecting the rest, creating no coherent political philosophy of their own, but impressing their friends as potential revolutionaries of unusual personality and formidable presence. While gaining fame as a political journalist and speaker, he campaigned for a trade union, proposing a strike and calling for violence as a means of enforcing their demands. Again and again he called for a day of vengeance. He was arrested and imprisoned more than once. When he returned to Italy in 1904, even Roman newspapers began to mention his name.

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For a short time after his return little was heard. He once again became a schoolmaster, this time in the Venetian Alps, north of Udine, where he lived, so that, as he admitted, he experienced “moral decay”. But soon tired of such a wasteful life, he returned to union work, journalism and extreme politics, which again led to his arrest and imprisonment.

During a period of freedom in 1909, he fell in love with 16-year-old Rachele Guidiz, the younger of the two daughters of his father’s widowed mistress; she moved in with him in a damp, cramped apartment in Forlì and later married him. Shortly after their marriage, Mussolini was imprisoned for the fifth time; but by then Comrade Mussolini was recognized as one of the most gifted and dangerous of Italy’s young socialists. After writing for many socialist newspapers, he created his own newspaper,

(“Class Struggle”). This newspaper was so successful that in 1912 he was appointed director of the official socialist newspaper.

(“Forward!”), whose circulation soon doubled; and as its anti-militarist, anti-nationalist and anti-imperialist editor, he fiercely opposed Italian intervention in the First World War.

Mussolini: The Untold Story

Shortly afterwards, however, he changed his mind to intervene. Influenced by the aphorisms of Karl Marx, believing that social revolution follows war and that “the defeat of France would be a fatal blow to freedom in Europe”, he began to write articles and make speeches in support of the war, making them as violent as those he had previously condemned. him He resigned

And was expelled from the Socialist Party. Financed by the French government and Italian industry, both of which supported the war against Austria, he assumed the directorship.

(“The Italian People”), in which he clearly stated his new philosophy: “From today we are all Italians and Italians only. Now that steel has met steel, a single cry comes from our hearts: the death of Benito Mussolini on April 28, 1945 The New York Times called it an “adjusted end to a miserable life.”

Sometimes the death of a man has the power to move us, to stop what we are doing and contemplate our common humanity and the cruelty of fate. At other times, however, – and we have to be honest about this – we can feel happy, maybe even happy.

There’s No Denying The Socialist Roots Of Fascism

The

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