How Much Charity Money Goes To Cause – This past winter, William MacAskill and his wife Amanda moved into the Union Square apartment I shared with some friends in New York. At first, I didn’t know anything about Will except what I could pick up from a few brief encounters, such as his messy blond hair and almost identical beard. He’s Scottish so polite and devastating, shaking his “R” so that with certain words, like
, a growing movement called “generosity for geeks”. Effective altruism seeks to maximize the good from one’s charitable contributions and even from one’s career. It’s a generosity befitting math, or, as he once described it to me, “injecting science into the sentimental problem of doing good in the world.”
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Until then, I’d describe my interest in charity as average. I certainly didn’t think much of my donation long before I met MacAskill. I volunteered for the music education program because I love music, but this felt less like an exercise in selflessness than an expression of my personal identity, like putting on clothes.
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One night at an apartment party, MacAskill and I huddled over beers in a corner of the kitchen to talk about his worldview, which he turned into a book called
Imagine you are a wise 22 year old college graduate who wants to make a big difference in the world,
Lots of people like that try to get a job with Oxfam, the Gates Foundation, or some other incredible charity. It doesn’t matter. But if you don’t get that job at Oxfam, someone just as smart and generous will. You may not be much better off than the “next guy.” But imagine you work on Wall Street…
Yes, imagine you work in investment banking. You make $100,000 and give half to charity. The “next guy” won’t do the same, so you’ve created $50,000 of stuff that wouldn’t exist if it didn’t exist. Even better, your donation can pay for a worker or two at Oxfam—or whatever effective cause you choose to donate to.
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Why did I do it? Perhaps the donation is equivalent to the prayer of an agnostic, if the supernatural listens to altruism.
This story underscores an effective altruist principle called “earning to give,” which is like tithing on steroids. Generate to make the argument for maximizing the amount of money you can earn and donating a large portion of it to charity. What drew me to the story was not so much specific advice (I haven’t submitted my resume to Wall Street yet) but rather a philosophical approach to pursuing good in the world — counterintuitive, yet deeply moral and logical. That’s like showing the secret corpus callosum that links the right brain’s interest in being a good person to the left brain’s tendency to think dispassionately about kindness.
Will MacAskill is a reassuring source of answers at a time when I needed a new way to understand life’s messes. Six months before I met Will, my mother had died of pancreatic cancer. A few months after I met Will, my father was admitted to Georgetown University hospital with what doctors would later determine to be a distinct and very rare cancer that had coiled like ivy around the spine of his lower back. When he was admitted to the hospital for lower back pain, surgeons initially anticipated that all that would be needed was an immediate operation. After my father nearly bled out on the table after the first of several surgeries, doctors realized that my father was dealing with a large, malignant tumor.
I spent every day for a few weeks last summer making my home in the waiting room of a hospital’s spinal cord injury unit. Every hospital waiting room is an antiseptic purgatory—where “Family Feud” plays out forever—and in the surreal déjà vu of possibly losing another parent to another cancer just one year later, I think about things, like luck. , religion, and goodness. My mother died when she was 63; my father is still in his 60s. The hardened feeling beneath the sadness: disgust at the prospect of getting my parents’ retirement money. Something else was also clear to me. If that unspeakable scenario happened, I promised myself I would call Will and ask him to help me give the money—and not just anywhere, but for a cause that would improve other people’s lives. in the same way. as much as possible.
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Thankfully my father’s cancer was cured, and he is now recovering. But the instinct to give away some meaningful amount of money has not left me. I can’t say for sure why I stick to this idea so much. Perhaps I was ashamed to have nearly done something so good only to back out because my father’s recovery had been bothersome; being grateful seems like a poor reason to hold back on acts of generosity. Maybe I’d like to add a slice of life on a cosmic scale, which has been leaning too far to the other side lately. Perhaps this donation is equivalent to the prayer of an agnostic, if the supernatural receives a gift in the form of altruism, to simply stop bad things. I don’t actually know why I decided to do what I did, and therefore feel no reason to tell other people that they should do something similar. I never liked sermons.
That my motivations are multiple and unclear to me is not strange. Altruism, which comes from the Italian word
To “others,” the once confused biologist. Selflessness confused early proponents of natural selection (feeding a hungry rival tribe is likely a poor way of ensuring your own survival) and overturned Adam Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand, which suggested that the pursuit of individual self-interest could useful on a large scale.
Article “The Man Who Can’t Stop Giving”, a mainstream theory of altruism’s roots is known as “kin selection”. Since the engine of evolution is procreation, any gene pool must be credited for the instinct of helping relatives (including distant relatives) survive and pass on their genes—even when that assistance requires great sacrifices. Altruism, in this interpretation, is more natural than superhuman. Ants, bees and many other species show obvious signs of altruism. The slime molds in the tree crowns sacrifice themselves to strengthen the group. Even the most generous among us pursue the self-sacrificing instincts of the fungus.
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But it’s important to me that the donation meets a higher standard. I was drawn, both emotionally and intellectually, to a larger question: What are the best charitable causes in the world, and would it be crazy to think I could find them?
There are so many causes that focus on improving life, and the spectrum is so wide. Some decent programs save lives (eg research into drugs to prevent premature death), others reduce suffering and poverty (eg by providing irrigation), and still others focus on enrichment (eg by giving to museums).
These programs fall along another broad spectrum, namely certainty. Some organizations distribute proven drugs (more certain), others develop unproven drugs (less certain), and some lobby to reduce global carbon emissions (more uncertain). The point is not that certain causes are better than less certain causes, but rather that wise donors weigh the risks that their donation will not pay off, like any other investment.
When I decided I wanted effective altruism to guide my decisions, I called Will again to get a better understanding of the philosophy I lived by. Then I spoke to several poverty experts and moral philosophers to learn why the movement could go so wrong. I want to know it in depth, to see it up close, its advantages and disadvantages.
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The easiest way to explain effective altruism and its discontent is to start with the movement’s three pillars: (1) You can make a very big difference in the world if you live in a rich country; (2) you can “do good better” by thinking scientifically than sentimentally; and (3) you can do good
Even middle class American families are rich compared to the world’s poor. “If you earn over $52,000 annually, speaking globally, you are the 1 percent,” MacAskill wrote. Several studies show that doubling a person’s income, whether you make $500 a year or $50,000 a year, roughly increases a person’s happiness by the same amount. This implies that if a middle-class American family transferred one percent of its income directly to an Indian rice farmer, its estimated happiness would double.
If a typical American family transferred one percent of its income directly to an Indian rice farmer, that could double its happiness.
In his book, MacAskill calls this the 100x Multiplier: Donating to the world’s poorest is a pure mitzvah and, if you are left-brain inclined, a mitzvah of extreme discounting—a 99 percent discount on well-being in the world.
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To help the world’s poor — shun arts and sports, deprive oneself of all entertainment, survive
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