Why Is It Dangerous To Drink Too Much Water – Drinking too much can harm your health. Excessive alcohol use resulted in more than 140,000 deaths and 3.6 million years of potential life lost (YPLL) each year in the United States from 2015 – 2019, shortening the lives of those who died by an average of 26 years.
The economic cost of excessive alcohol consumption in 2010 was estimated at $249 billion, or $2.05 per drink.
Why Is It Dangerous To Drink Too Much Water
In the United States, a standard drink contains 0.6 ounces (14.0 grams or 1.2 tablespoons) of pure alcohol. Generally, this amount of pure alcohol is found in
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Binge drinking includes binge drinking, heavy drinking and any drinking by pregnant women or people under 21.
Recommends that adults of legal drinking age can choose not to drink, or to drink in moderation by limiting intake to 2 drinks or less per day for men or 1 drink or less per day for women, on days when alcohol is consumed.
Nor does it recommend that individuals who do not drink alcohol start drinking for any reason and that if adults of legal drinking age choose to drink alcoholic beverages, drinking less is better for health than drinking more.
Excessive alcohol consumption has immediate consequences that increase the risk of many harmful health conditions. This is usually the result of binge drinking and includes the following:
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Over time, excessive alcohol use can lead to the development of chronic diseases and other serious problems, including:
Source: Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionO is the sine qua non of life. Water, which makes up about 66 percent of the human body, runs through the blood, inhabiting the cells and hiding in the spaces in between. At every moment, water escapes the body through sweat, urination, defecation or exhaled breath, among other routes. It is essential to replace these lost stores, but rehydration can be overdone. There is such a thing as a fatal water overdose.
Earlier this year, a 28-year-old woman in California died after participating in a radio station’s aerial water drinking contest. After downing about six gallons of water in three hours in the “Hold Your Wee for a Wii” (Nintendo game console) contest, Jennifer Strange threw up, went home with a splitting headache and died of so-called water intoxication.
There are many other tragic examples of death by water. In 2005, a fraternity at California State University, Chico, left a 21-year-old man dead after he was forced to drink excessive amounts of water between rounds of push-ups in a cold basement. Clubbers taking MDMA (“ecstasy”) have died after drinking copious amounts of water and trying to rehydrate after long nights of dancing and sweating. Going overboard in efforts to rehydrate is also common among endurance athletes. A 2005 study in the
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Hyponatremia, a word combined from Latin and Greek roots, translates as “insufficient salt in the blood.” Quantitatively speaking, this means having a blood sodium concentration below 135 millimoles per liter, or about 0.4 ounces per liter, the normal concentration being somewhere between 135 and 145 millimoles per liter. Severe cases of hyponatremia can lead to water intoxication, a disease whose symptoms include headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination and mental disorientation.
In humans, the kidneys control the amount of water, salts and other solutes that leave the body by filtering blood through their millions of convoluted tubules. When a person drinks too much water in a short period of time, the kidneys cannot flush it out fast enough and the blood becomes waterlogged. Drawn to regions where the concentration of salt and other solutes is higher, excess water leaves the blood and eventually enters the cells, which swell like balloons to accommodate it.
Most cells have room to stretch because they are embedded in flexible tissues such as fat and muscle, but this is not the case for neurons. Brain cells are tightly packed within a rigid bony cage, the skull, and they must share this space with blood and cerebrospinal fluid, explains Wolfgang Liedtke, a clinical neuroscientist at Duke University Medical Center. “Inside the skull there is almost no room to expand and swell,” he says.
So, brain edema, or swelling, can be disastrous. “Rapid and severe hyponatremia causes water to enter brain cells leading to brain swelling, which manifests as seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death,” explains M. Amin Arnaout, chief of nephrology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
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Where did people get the idea that it is healthy to drink enormous amounts of water? A few years ago, Heinz Valtin, a kidney specialist from Dartmouth Medical School, decided to determine whether the common advice of drinking eight, eight-ounce glasses of water a day could stand up to scientific scrutiny. After searching the peer-reviewed literature, Valtin concluded that no scientific studies support the “eight x eight” dictum (for healthy adults who live in temperate climates and do light exercise). In fact, drinking as much or more “can be harmful, both in the occurrence of potentially dangerous hyponatremia and exposure to pollutants, and also in making many people feel guilty for not drinking enough,” he wrote in his 2002 review for the
. And since publishing his findings, Valtin says, “not a single scientific report published in a peer-reviewed publication has proven otherwise.”
Most cases of water poisoning are not the result of simply drinking too much water, says Joseph Verbalis, chair of medicine at Georgetown University Medical Center. It is usually a combination of excessive fluid intake and increased secretion of vasopressor (also called antidiuretic hormone), he explains. Vasopressin, produced by the hypothalamus and secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland, instructs the kidneys to conserve water. Its secretion increases during periods of physical stress – for example during a marathon – and can cause the body to conserve water even if a person drinks excessive amounts.
Every hour a healthy kidney at rest can excrete 800 to 1,000 milliliters, or 0.21 to 0.26 liters, of water and therefore a person can drink water at a rate of 800 to 1,000 milliliters per hour without having to ‘ a net profit in water, explains Verbalis. However, if that same person runs a marathon, the stress of the situation will increase vasopressin levels, reducing the kidney’s excretory capacity to as low as 100 milliliters per hour. Drinking 800 to 1,000 milliliters of water per hour under these conditions can potentially result in a net gain in water, even with significant sweating, he says.
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While exercising, “you need to balance what you drink with what you sweat,” and that includes sports drinks, which can also cause hyponatremia when consumed in excess, Verbalis advises. “If you sweat 500 milliliters an hour, that’s what you should drink.”
But measuring sweat output is not easy. How can a marathon runner, or any person, determine how much water to consume? As long as you’re healthy and equipped with a thirst barometer that hasn’t been affected by age or mind-altering drugs, follow Verbalis’ advice, “drink until you’re thirsty. That’s the best indicator.”
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Drinking Too Much Water Can Cause Complications, Say Doctors
Life could not exist without water. But in the right circumstances… Water can be as dangerous as any poison.
Your kidneys filter excess waste and water from your bloodstream. But they can only process 800-1000 ml of water per hour. And if you somehow manage to drink more than that without throwing up, you could be in trouble. Because you drink faster than your kidneys can process it. So the excess ends up in your cells.
Normally, your cells are surrounded by a carefully balanced solution of sodium and water, which flows in and out through tiny holes in the cellular membrane, keeping the sodium concentration balanced both in and out of the cell.
But when you drink too much water, the sodium solution is diluted. It’s not salty enough. So some of that extra water rushes into the cell to restore balance and that causes it to swell.
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Doctors call it water poisoning and it’s a big problem. Now, most of your cells can handle the swelling to some degree, as soft, flexible tissue like fat and muscle can stretch.
But as the pressure builds, you risk brain damage, coma and even death. And it can all be over in less than ten hours.
For example, a 64-year-old woman died the same evening after drinking between 30-40 glasses of water. And a group of US Army students suffered vomiting and seizures after downing more than 2 liters per hour after a hard day of training.
But it’s marathon runners who have to be especially careful. A study found that 1 in 6 marathon runners develop at least one
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